Depression

Environmental causes of depression

Abuse. Past physical, sexual, or emotional abuse can cause depression later in life.
Certain medications. For example, some drugs used to treat high blood pressure, such as beta-blockers or reserpine, can increase your risk of depression.
Conflict. Depression may result from personal conflicts or disputes with family members or friends.
Death or a loss. Sadness or grief from the death or loss of a loved one, though natural, can also increase the risk of depression.
Genetics. A family history of depression may increase the risk. It's thought that depression is passed genetically from one generation to the next. The exact way this happens, though, is not known.
Major events. Even good events such as starting a new job, graduating, or getting married can lead to depression. So can moving, losing a job or income, getting divorced, or retiring.
Other personal problems. Problems such as social isolation due to other mental illnesses or being cast out of a family or social group can lead to depression.
Serious illnesses. Sometimes depression co-exists with a major illness or is a reaction to the illness.
Substance abuse. Nearly 30% of people with substance abuse problems also have major or clinical depression.
http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/causes-depression

Biological Causes of Depression

when the changes on the brain occur biological causes happens such as important levels on the hormones. what you inherit from your parents are the genetic causes. if one of the parents, either the mom or the dad has depression then that kid may have the possibility to have it to.

Cognitive Causes of depression

Aaron T. Beck, who developed the theory behind Cognitive theory of depression, proposes that depression results of the tendency to view oneself, ones world and ones future in a negative manner. This view is formally called the ‘negative triad’. It is theorized that images and thoughts influence emotions and behaviors and that ones behavior is influenced by the ‘negative triad’. This negative view is usually a distortion of reality. The person develops a system of viewing the self, the world and the future which is global, rigid and negative. These schemes or system errors develop and are learned through relationships, unfavorable life situations often in childhood and the formative years. When the adult re-experiences similar events, these learned silent assumptions resurface.

http://www.md-phc.com/puntil/ccausesof.htm

Cognitive Triad

Beck's cognitive triad is a triad of types of negative thought present in depression proposed by Aaron Beck in 1976. The triad forms part of his Cognitive Theory Of Depression.
The triad involves negative thoughts about:
The self The world/environment and
The future

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck's_cognitive_triad

Articles on depression #3

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091117094933.htm

Conducted by Science daily on november 18 2009. it was a study by researchers at the University of Bergen, Norway and the institute of Psychiatry(Iop) at King´s College London has found that depression is as much of a risk factor for mortality as smoking. The study shows how patients with depression face an increased risk of mortality, while a copmbination of depression and anxiety in patients lowers mortality compared to those with depression alone. A survey of sixty thousand people and a comprehensive mortality database, the researchers found that over the four years of folowwing the surve the mortality risk was increased to a similiar extent in people who were depressed as in people who were smokers. The findings, Dr.Atewart makes suggestions on the focus of future develoments in the treatment of depression and anxiety.

Dougherty

Mister i have a problem on uploading a picture on article #2 and article #3 thats why i didnt post them.

Articles on Depression #2

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100802165402.htm

Conducted by Science Daily on August 3, 2010.( Lawrence T. Lam, Ph.D., of the School of Medicine, Sydney, and the University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia, and Zi-Wen Peng, M.Sc., of the Ministry of Education and SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.)
They used and studied pathological internet use and later on the mental health problems of about 1041 teens in china.
Participants were assessed for depression and anxiety using previously validated scales. They also completed a questionnaire to identify pathological Internet use, including questions that reflect typical behaviors of addiction. When the study began 62 participants were classified as having moderately pathological use of the internet and that two participants were severely at risk. The conclusion that can be proved about this article is that young people who are initially free of mental health problems but use the internet pathologically could develop depression as a consequence.

Articles on Depression #1

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100609083221.htm



It was conducted by Science Daily on June 11, 2010. The high school seniors were 3 times more likely to have very strong depression symptoms iy they slept a lot during the day. they said that 52% had excessive daytime sleepiness then that 30% had very strong depression symptoms and that 32%had some symtopms of depression. the study involved 262 high school students that were in senior class and that they were averaged 17.7 years who were attending the public school in Mercer County, N.J. participants reported socio-demographic characteristics using a cross-sectional survey. The findings that were made were that they founded that sleep deprivation was commin among high school seniors. The mean of the total sleep time on school during ther nights was of only 6.1 hours and an increased sleep time of 8.2 hours on weekend nights.

The basics of Schizophrenia

1. Explain the general symptoms of paranoid-type schizophrenia
Delusions of persecution, reference exalted birth, special mission, bodily change or jealousy.
Hallucinatory voices that threaten the patient or give commands or auditorty hallucinations without verbal form such as whistling
hallucinations of smell or taste

2. Explain the general symptoms of disorganized type schyzophrenia
Active but in aimless and not constructive way
bizarre and innapropiate emotional response
innability to feel pleasure
lack of emotion and motivation

3. Explain the general symptoms of catatonic type schyzophrenia
Physical innmobility
excesive mobility
extreme resistance
peculiar movements
mimichking speech or movement

4. 3 positive symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions
hallucinations
disorganzied speech thinking

5. 3 negative symptoms of schyzophrenia
affective flattening
alogia
avolition

6. difference between hallucination and delusion
Delusions are firmly held erroneous beliefs due to exagerations of reasoning or misinterpretations of perceptions or experiences while on the other way hallucinations are distortions or exaggerations of perception in any of the senses.

7. 3 cognitive symptoms of schyzophrenia
disorganized thinking
slow thinking
difficult understanding

8. Symptom of avolition
is the reduction, difficulty or innability to initiate and persist in goal directed behavior.

9. Symptom of catatonia
mental condition causing total rigidity.

10. delution of grandeur
a delution in which one believes oneself possesed of great importance, power, wealth or ability
example. thinking you are a famous soccer player or rock star.

11. Delution of reference
when things in the environment seem to be directly related to you even though they are not.
example. it may seem as if peoplea re talking about you or special personal messages are being communicated to you through the TV or radio.

12. Somatic delution
are false beliefs about your body
example. that a physical illness exist

Personality Disorders

Borderline : is one of the most controversial diagnoses in psychology today.is a personality disorder described as a prolonged disturbance of personality function in a person characterized by depth and variability of moods.












Schizotypal : is a personality disorder that is characterized by a need for social isolation, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs.












Paranoid: is a psychiatric diagnosis characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.















Narcissistic: is a personality disorder defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the diagnostic classification system used in the United States, as "a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.
The narcissist is described as being excessively preoccupied with issues of personal adequacy, power, and prestige.Narcissistic personality disorder is closely linked to self-centeredness.











Histrionic: a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood. These individuals are lively, dramatic, enthusiastic, and flirtatious.

Antisocial: Antisocial Personality Disorder is a condition characterized by persistent disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood











Obssesive-Compulsive: is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce anxiety, by repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety, or by a combination of such thoughts and behaviors








Avoidant: is a personality disorder recognized in the DSM-IV TR handbook in a person over the age of eighteen years as characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social interaction.